Read Online Work: A Deep History, from the Stone Age to the Age of Robots By James Suzman
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Ebook About "This book is a tour de force." -- Adam Grant, New York Times bestselling author of Give and TakeA revolutionary new history of humankind through the prism of work by leading anthropologist James SuzmanWork defines who we are. It determines our status, and dictates how, where, and with whom we spend most of our time. It mediates our self-worth and molds our values. But are we hard-wired to work as hard as we do? Did our Stone Age ancestors also live to work and work to live? And what might a world where work plays a far less important role look like?To answer these questions, James Suzman charts a grand history of "work" from the origins of life on Earth to our ever more automated present, challenging some of our deepest assumptions about who we are. Drawing insights from anthropology, archaeology, evolutionary biology, zoology, physics, and economics, he shows that while we have evolved to find joy meaning and purpose in work, for most of human history our ancestors worked far less and thought very differently about work than we do now. He demonstrates how our contemporary culture of work has its roots in the agricultural revolution ten thousand years ago. Our sense of what it is to be human was transformed by the transition from foraging to food production, and, later, our migration to cities. Since then, our relationships with one another and with our environments, and even our sense of the passage of time, have not been the same. Arguing that we are in the midst of a similarly transformative point in history, Suzman shows how automation might revolutionize our relationship with work and in doing so usher in a more sustainable and equitable future for our world and ourselves.Book Work: A Deep History, from the Stone Age to the Age of Robots Review :
I found this book to be quite interesting. For many years I have thought about the concept of work; mainly because I find that my feelings about it do not align with most of the people I know. Though I believe that work is necessary for a person to feel fulfilled, I find that most people, especially in the U.S., work too much and often at things they don’t much like. I have done my best to work as little as possible, making enough to support my family to an excellent standard of living (with my wife’s help) while maximizing the time I have to pursue work that I find truly enjoyable (if less remunerative) as well as leisure.In this book, Dr. Suzman investigates the history of work and changing views about it across history. I’ve noted that scholars’ views of work in the hunter-gatherer era have changed much in recent years. Whereas once it was believed that these societies often struggled to meet the minimum dietary requirements, recent archeology as well as studies of hunter-gatherer societies that have survived into the present day (Dr. Suzman discusses the Ju/’hoansi of Southern Africa extensively) demonstrates that they were often able to meet their needs with only a few hours a day of work, leaving extensive leisure time.In fact, it was the transition to agriculture that depressed life span and introduced famine and disease into human populations. It would not be until after the Industrial Revolution that life span would start to increase again. And all of the progress that was made during these millennia was predicated on work being something that, for most people, went on from sunup to sundown, leaving little time for leisure. Of course, agriculture and industry also meant specialization, without which modern civilization could not have been built. Dr. Suzman explores the many thinkers and cultural mores that have kept humanity growing through these challenging times.What is incomprehensible to me is the fact that, with modern technology, it is absolutely possible for people to work much less with the same outcomes. Economists have recognized this for at least a century and even some industrialists have demonstrated the possibilities in roads not taken. Why we still demand people to work more for a smaller share of the pie is ridiculous? Even my family, which is doing quite well in the modern economy, can only do so with the full- time work of two adults. What of the days when the ideal was one person could work while the other cared for children, which so many claim still to honor? Impossible today. Well, as Dr. Suzman seems to make clear: not impossible. We simply have allowed ourselves to be drawn into the mindset that work is the most important. We have it within our power to make something better, if we can find the will. Work takes a look at the modern concept of work and how it has changed over time. It is quite a deep book in its framing of work in the realm of thermodynamics but mainly it is about how humans energy demands have changed the nature of work and how civilization has fundamentally changed the way day to day living takes place and wants and desires emerge. The book is a study of human activity and the inferences one can draw to the organization of labor from the paleolithic onwards. It is relevant for philosophy today and reminds the reader of many existential questions that are worthy of asking given human history and the Anthropocene age we have created, but it is not a guide to rethinking the form of the modern economy.Work starts out with some physics and discusses thermodynamics and life. It is an odd start to a book like this but the idea is a powerful one, that human activity can ultimately be framed from a thermodynamic standpoint. From the perspective of energy needed, the author moves on to discuss hunter gatherer society's through the experiences of the last remaining groups living by such standards today in places like Botswana. The author highlights the lack of hierarchies, the abundance of free time and the overall satisfaction of their life in relative abundance; which is very much not the life that is brutish and short of supposed man in a state of nature. The hunter gatherer societies in fertile areas can be considered standards of living where work is an alien concept and people's wants are saturated. The author then goes on to describe how agriculture and cycles of climate led to changing working requirements with substantially longer hours and longer periods of hardship during weak seasons with more volatility in standards of living. The author then frames how eventually excess yields led to specialization and surplus labor could be supported by surplus agricultural yields. This was the obvious catalyst to the nature of work changing from equality to hierarchy and society driven more by possessions and accumulation of wealth. The author describes how concepts like interest came to being with physiocrat theories of economics where assets generated returns and framed the transition to modern trade and monetary based economies with capital investment. This of course led to the industrial ages where life in cities drew in rural populations and the working and living conditions endured by people in transition was truly Malthusian. The author ends the book with the discussion of work in the city and the unbounded desires that come from hierarchical social structures. The author tackles some modern problems like automation and wealth inequalities generated by winner take all economics and the author brings up mental health issues that are occurring at greater frequency as people over work themselves.Overall Work gives a perspective on how humans have met their demands through the species earliest of times till today. Obviously our demands have changed and so too is the nature of how we work to achieve our insatiable demands. Work reminds us that demands were not insatiable and they are more of a modern concept and that there could be a better balance that is in tune with less destructive economy. There are valuable sentiments and perspectives that one should know about the differences of today and the past so that one can ask good questions about what we need and how should we work to meet those needs. Unfortunately the world will most likely be less philosophical about such topics so the only one slightly more enlightened would end up being the reader. 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